Saturday, January 29, 2011

The Iconoclastic & Plastic Beaks of Finches

That is the topic of next Friday's Biology Colloquium, which leads into a week of Darwin Days (Feb 7-12) on our campus. Below is a flyer for the colloquium - I will also post details of Darwin Days (including a flyer) here very soon.

Posted via email from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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Friday, January 28, 2011

Yo XKCD: stop messing with my stereotypes, man!

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Wednesday, January 26, 2011

The Story of Bottled Water: Manufacturing demand to trash the planet

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Tuesday, January 25, 2011

Birds, people, and environmental justice

Can one - need one - say anything more than this?:

Thank god for the birds, indeed!

Posted via email from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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A foggy commute to a shrouded campus

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Thursday, January 20, 2011

Why didn't I find this guide to the Semiotics of E-mail Signatures in my faculty orientation packet?

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Of Pandas and Texas and standing up to the "experts" - again!

Here we go again. The never-ending game of creationist-whack-a-mole continues, with an old head that had been hammered (even in court) popping up once again. Where else, but - in Texas, of course:

CREATIONIST GROUP PUSHES ANTI-EVOLUTION MATERIALS IN TEXAS SCIENCE CLASSES

Texas SBOE Asked To Consider Materials from Fringe Anti-Science Group

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
January 20, 2011

In a move that should not surprise anyone, a well-known creationist/“intelligent design” group appeared on a list of publishers that have indicated an intent to submit science curriculum materials for approval by the Texas State Board of Education (SBOE) later this spring. The formal inclusion of this creationist group means Texas will once again be ground zero for creationist attacks on 21st-century science, TFN President Kathy Miller said.

“In 2009 the State Board of Education approved new science curriculum standards that opened the door to creationist materials in Texas classrooms. Today we saw that one prominent creationist group intends to walk through that door,” Miller said. “Getting their materials in public schools has long been a top priority for creationists, and it’s clear that they intend to make Texas their flagship. Teaching inaccurate information rejected by the scientific community would be a huge disservice to Texas kids and a major setback for science education everywhere.”

Among the dozens of publishers who notified the SBOE of their intent to submit science materials for approval was a Richardson,TX-based group called the Foundation for Thought and Ethics (FTE). Approval of materials published by FTE, a self-described promoter of “intelligent design,” would create several serious problems for the board, including:

  • FTE’s troubled legal history – FTE published the “intelligent design” textbook (Of Pandas and People) that was ruled to be unconstitutional for use in public schools in the landmark decision Kitzmiller v. Dover (PA).
  • FTE’s well-established record of religious proselytizing through its textbooks – As recently as 2002, the group described its mission on IRS tax returns as “promoting and publishing textbooks presenting a Christian perspective of academic studies.”

The actual materials submitted for approval by FTE and other publishers will not be available to the public until March. The State Board of Education, however, has already begun appointing review panels – made up of citizens, educators and scientists – that will evaluate all materials for conformity to the state’s new curriculum standards as well as for factual accuracy.

There will be a public hearing on these materials at the board in April. The board will take a final vote on approval or rejection of these science materials at the conclusion of that April meeting. All materials approved by the board are available for purchase by local school districts for use in science classrooms.

Sounds like a good time for this documentary:

Click on the kickstarter link if you are able to (and want to) contribute towards the completion of this documentary - if you care about the nature of science education, that is! 

Posted via email from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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Thursday, January 13, 2011

A few more days to get some work done...

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Tuesday, January 11, 2011

What Was Lost in the Fire: A Conservation Memorial

On the all too rare mornings when the Central Valley's dirty air has been cleansed by a winter storm—and before the Tule fog has set in—I find myself fortunate enough to be gazing out upon the snow-topped peaks of the Sierra Nevada mountains from my office window, my view bracketed by two amazing National Parks: King's Canyon (with Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the lower 48 states of the US) at the southern edge, and Yosemite to the north. As a hiker and rock-climber in my youth, I spent many hours poring over photographs of these places in books checked out of the American Center Library in Bombay. I dreamt of visiting Yosemite, a mecca for rock-climbers, imagined myself walking through the fantastic landscapes captured on film by Ansel Adams, feeling the granite under my fingers. Rock-climbing gave way to bird-watching as I grew into an ecologist and a conservation biologist, and Yosemite assumed even more significance as one of the holiest places in any conservation pilgrimage of the US, indeed the world. What a model for nature conservation this National Park was, is. How wonderful the wilderness I could picture in these places in the writings of John Muir and others. And how lucky I am now to be living so close to such places. When I gaze out at the mountains, or visit Yosemite as part of the throngs of millions that flood its beautiful valley every year, I try to imagine what the place might have looked like a century or two ago—a fantasy we all share, those of us who despair over the state of the natural world. In my dreams now, though, I don't see it as a "pristine" wilderness untouched by humans, but a home to a community of native people, the Ahwahneechee who once thrived there, but whose existence has been sought to be erased from our collective memory and imagination, as a centerpiece of the still prevailing notion of a National Park as pristine wilderness, a place where human beings don't belong (and therefore never did), except as visitors who may be allowed to look and to listen, but scarcely to touch anything.

Today, I am pleased to share with you the following essay by Eric Michael Johnson, who reminds us of the human history of Yosemite, and what we in the conservation community have lost in seeking to airbrush humans out of our imagination of what Nature is supposed to look like, "unspoilt". We must reclaim that history too if we are to reconcile our existence on this planet—not apart from, but as active participants in, Nature. This guest post is part of Eric's Primate Diaries in Exile blog tour. You can follow other stops on this tour through his RSS feed or by following Eric on Twitter.

The modern conservation movement began at dawn on December 8, 1850, above the north fork of California's San Joaquin river. Soft orange light had just begun to spill over the craggy peaks of the eastern Ahwahnee mountains causing the jagged minarets to ignite like still burning embers from the Indian campfires below.

All remained still inside the wigwams of the Ahwahneechee camp. But an attuned ear would have noticed that the early morning trills of the hermit thrush were strangely absent. A disturbed silence had entered the forest, broken only by the occasional clumsy snap of twigs as if from an animal unfamiliar with its surroundings. There was also the faint smell of smoke.

Suddenly, fires roared to life throughout the camp as multiple wigwams were engulfed in flame. White men quickly scattered from the light and into shadow. A party of vigilantes in the company of Major John Savage had used smouldering logs from the Indians' own campfires to set the shelters ablaze. It was a tactic that those with experience in the Indian Wars knew to inspire panic and the crucial element of surprise. Dozens of Ahwahneechee fled their burning wigwams as the fire rapidly spread to the surrounding forest. Thick plumes of smoke were bathed in the same searing glow that was now descending from the rocky peaks above.

"Charge, boys! Charge!!" bellowed the gravelly voice of Lieutenant Chandler. A heavy drumbeat of foot falls now joined the sound of crackling pine. Thirty men, many wearing identical red shirts and crude suspenders purchased at the mining supply depot, dashed from the surrounding bushes with their rifles.

"So rapid and so sudden were the charges made," wrote the chronicler Lafayette Bunnell, "that the panic stricken warriors at once fled from their stronghold." Savage's men fired indiscriminately into the Ahwahneechee camp, a people who had called this valley their home for centuries.

"No prisoners were taken," recalled the witness to these events, "twenty-three were killed; the number of wounded was never known." All in all, it was a successful mission. However, the author noted that even more "savages" could have been hunted down and murdered had the fire not raged so out of control as to spread down the mountainside endangering their own camp. As the ragtag militia fled downhill to rescue their supplies the Ahwahneechee survivors escaped further into the mountains, little knowing that they would never be able to return home.

One month later, on January 13, 1851 by order of the governor and through a special act of Congress, the Savage militia received federal and state support to "punish the offending tribes" in the region now called the Yosemite Valley. For the leadership of California's newly established government the approach for dealing with the native population had become a "war of extermination." For more than a decade afterwards the land between the Merced and Tuolumne rivers remained under permanent military occupation until it became the first state park in US history to be ceded by the federal government.
I was raised in the mountains of Northern California and walked the trails near the site of this tragic massacre as a child. But I had never heard of John Savage nor the terrible events that lay behind the formation of Yosemite National Park, a picturesque symbol of the conservation movement and a vacation resort for millions. Rather it was John Muir, that noble wanderer and founder of the Sierra Club, whose name was synonymous with this national treasure. When my brothers and I climbed out of the family station wagon to witness the majesty of this glacier carved valley, it was Muir's name that adorned the signs along the manicured trails and the celebrated volumes in the gift shop. If the indigenous population was mentioned in any of the brochures or trail guides I have no memory of it and I left with no indication that the region had once been inhabited. The impression I received was that Yosemite had always been a pristine wilderness, as sparse and pure as the Ansel Adams portraits that hung on my family's wall for years afterwards.

But it was this skewed interpretation of wilderness that John Muir had successfully promoted, a vision that has haunted the conservation movement ever since. In his famous nineteenth century travel writings in the Sierra Nevada mountains Muir described Yosemite, not just as a picturesque marvel of nature, but as something divine that was beyond human frailties. The landscape of the "Sierra Cathedral Mountains," was a "temple lighted from above. But no temple made with hands can compare with Yosemite," he wrote. It was a place that was "pure wildness" and where "no mark of man is visible upon it."

[T]he main canyons widen into spacious valleys or parks of charming beauty, level and flowery and diversified like landscape gardens with meadows and groves and thickets of blooming bushes, while the lofty walls, infinitely varied in form, are fringed with ferns, flowering plants, shrubs of many species, and tall evergreens and oaks.
It's not that Muir didn't encounter native peoples in his travels, he did, but he found them to be "most ugly, and some of them altogether hideous." For a wilderness as pure as his holy Yosemite "they seemed to have no right place in the landscape, and I was glad to see them fading out of sight down the pass." But, ironically, these "strange creatures" as Muir described them were the ones responsible for many of the features that gave Yosemite Valley it's park-like appearance, the "landscape gardens" that Muir so valued. It is this forgotten legacy that has undermined many of the successes in the global conservation movement today, one that traces directly back to John Savage and John Muir and the first protected wilderness site that later became the model followed around the world.

Yosemite Valley / Image: Wikimedia Commons
It wasn't only Muir who was struck by the ordered beauty of Yosemite Valley. Lafayette Bunnell, the New York physician who accompanied Savage on his exploits in 1851, recalled that "the valley at the time of discovery presented the appearance of a well kept park." Likewise, Galen Clark who was the state guardian of the Yosemite Grant after it was ceded to California, remembered similar conditions when he first visited in 1855.

"At the time," Clark wrote, "there was no undergrowth of young trees to obstruct clear open views in any part of the valley from one side of the Merced River across to the base of the opposite wall."

However, these conditions didn't stay that way for long. Forty years later he found that Yosemite's open meadow land had all but disappeared, estimating that it had been "at least four times as large as at the present time." The reason for this, known in the nineteenth century but little appreciated until recently, were the many ways that Yosemite's first inhabitants had transformed their environment over hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Chief among these was the strategic use of fire.

"Native Americans' uses of fire pervaded their everyday lives," explains UC Davis ecologist M. Kat Anderson, whose research appears in the edited volume Fire in California's Ecosystems. These ranged from setting fires to keep the land open and aid in travel, a wildlife management tool to burn off detritus and increase pasturage for deer, as well as for fire prevention purposes.

"Native Americans thoroughly understood the necessity of 'fighting fire with fire,'" Anderson says. "Their deliberately set fires were often designed to preclude the kinds of catastrophic fires that regularly devastate large areas today."

These fires may also have played an important role in promoting biodiversity. In 1996 Anderson wrote the Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project's final report to Congress (pdf here), co-authored with CSU, Fresno archaeologist Michael Moratto. In their report the authors state that most plants useful to the tribes of the Sierra Nevada were shade-intolerant varieties that required regular burning in order to thrive. These species included deer grass for use in basketry, edible native grasses, as well as a variety bulb, corm, and tuber species. By setting intentional fires throughout the forest "gaps or grassy openings were created, maintained, or enlarged within diverse plant communities," the authors wrote. "The result was that plant diversity was maximized."

However, for Muir, as it was for many conservationists in the nineteenth century, these fires were "the great master-scourge of forests" and extinguishing their fury would be his divine mission. "Only fire," he wrote in 1869, "threatens the existence of these noblest of God's trees." It wasn't enough to simply keep loggers and shepherds from degrading the forest. They needed strict and unyielding protection. To that end Muir would advocate federal forest protection and fire suppression measures with every politician and government official who might listen.

At times, as friends noted, Muir's zeal to protect forests overshadowed all other concerns. In a revealing moment described by his close friend Mary Louise Swett, written to Muir's fiance four days before their marriage, Mrs. Swett impressed upon the young woman her future husband's intensity.

"I hope you are good at a hair splitting argument," she wrote. "You will need to be to hold your own with him. . . He told Colonel Boyce the other night that his position was that of champion for a mean, brutal policy. It was in regard to Indian extermination."

In contrast to Muir's advocacy of exclusion and suppression, Yosemite Park officials praised the logic of regular controlled burns "when the Indians were Commissioners" and stated that "absolute prevention of fires in these mountains will eventually lead to disastrous results." But, for Muir, "the best service in forest protection -- almost the only efficient service -- is that rendered by the military." Without enforcing the power to seal off protected forests from encroachment Muir feared that his ultimate goal of preservation would fail.

"One soldier in the woods, armed with authority and a gun," he wrote, "would be more effective in forest preservation than millions of forbidding notices."

In the end Muir's position won out, supported as it was by such figures as then-New York City Police Commissioner Theodore Roosevelt, General William Jackson Palmer, and Captain George Anderson, the military official recently charged with protecting Yellowstone National Park. For those critics who still maintained that Indian-style fires should be employed in Yosemite, Muir had an alternative solution as he made clear before a meeting of the Sierra Club on November 23, 1895.

"Since the fires that formerly swept through the valley have been prevented," he said, "the underbrush requires much expensive attention that will call for the services of a skilled landscape artist." However, these funds never materialized to the extent that Muir imagined. As a result, the once park-like expanses of the Yosemite he had heralded soon became overcrowded through unchecked growth. At the same time, the United States was saddled with the high costs of suppressing every fire that ignited because the build up of fuel on the forest floor now threatened to wipe out the entire region.

Yosemite Valley in 1866 and 1961.

The conservation decisions of the nineteenth century have left a lasting legacy that is still felt today. In a study that appeared in the March, 2010 edition of Ecological Applications (pdf here), Penn State researchers Andrew Scholl and Alan Taylor published their analysis of how successful this fire suppression policy ultimately was. The authors sought to test the claim that intentional fires had been a widespread feature of Native American stewardship. To accomplish this they collected data throughout a 2,125 hectare region of the Yosemite National Park including the number of different species, the density by which trees were packed together, and their age as revealed through boring into trees to remove core samples.

These core samples that Scholl and Taylor collected revealed the environmental history of every tree in their survey. Because tree ring shows evidence of environmental conditions at the time that section was exposed to the outside world, by analyzing these tree cores they were able to identify both when a fire took place and how widely it had spread based on the fire damage recorded in the rings. Furthermore, if one region contained significantly younger trees than another, it would indicate evidence of a serious fire that had wiped out entire sections of forest. In the end, the researchers were able to construct a map of forest change between the years of 1575 - 2006 and the impact that fire had on forest biodiversity.

The results of this analysis were highly significant (p < 0.01) and found that shade-tolerant species such as White fir and incense cedar had increased to such an extent that Yosemite Valley was now two times more densely packed than it had been in the nineteenth century. These smaller and more highly flammable trees had pushed out the shade-intolerant species, like oak or pine, and reducing their numbers by half. After a century of fire suppression in the Yosemite Valley biodiversity had actually declined, trees were now 20% smaller overall, and the forest was more vulnerable to catastrophic fires than it had been before the United States expelled the native population.

However, based on the rotation of historic burn sites throughout the forest, it left no question that the fires had been intentionally set rather than the result of random lightening strikes or other accidental burns. Native American groups had profoundly altered the landscape of the Yosemite Valley in ways that were both advantageous to them as well as to the local ecosystem as a whole. They were successful stewards of the forest, not because they had no impact on the environment, but because the forest was their home and they relied upon it for every aspect of their lives. In support of these findings two additional studies, one also in Yosemite and one along the California coast, came to similar conclusions. Despite John Muir's passionate desire to protect Yosemite's magnificent trees, after 100 years of conservation the overall density among the 14 most abundant large-diameter species had declined by 30%.

For Muir and his nineteenth century contemporaries, conservation meant "government protection should be thrown around every wild grove and forest on the mountains." This continues to be the standard model for conservation around the world. However, as in Yosemite, the global conservation effort has focused their attention on the idea of pristine wilderness to the exclusion of all other concerns, including those of the people who have lived there for centuries.

In 2003 the harmful effects of these policies were denounced by indigenous delegates from around the world when they presented a joint declaration before the Fifth Parks Congress then being held in Durban, South Africa.

"The strategy to conserve biodiversity through national parks has displaced many tens of thousands of very poor park residents, transforming them into conservation-refugees," they announced. "First we were dispossessed in the name of kings and emperors, later in the name of state development, and now in the name of conservation."

However, just as there could have been for the Ahwahneechee in 1851, there is also an alternative today. Nobel prize-winning economist Elinor Ostrom, along with her colleague Tanya Hayes at the University of Indiana, Bloomington, conducted a study in 2007 (pdf here) that compared vegetation patterns throughout 84 forests in 15 separate countries, only half of which were under national protection. In a direct rebuff to the claims of conservationists, they found no significant differences in vegetation density between forests that were protected and those that were not. However, there was one criteria that made a difference: the direct involvement of local and indigenous populations. Those regions where local groups were able to define the rules for how their forest was managed had significantly higher vegetation densities than those that didn't, regardless of their protection status.

Vegetation Density Associated with User Group Right to Make Rules.
From Ostrom and Hayes, 2007.
"The above findings clearly contradict the belief that protected areas are the only way to conserve forests," they wrote. In so doing they offer an opportunity to change course on a policy, well intentioned though it may have been, that led to the expulsion of native peoples and the commitment to an expensive conservation strategy that has had little result. In other words, it's time for the exclusionary approach of John Savage and John Muir to be tossed on the fire.

In July, 1929, seventy-eight years after the Ahwahneechee people had been driven from their homeland, a frail, elderly woman quietly processed acorns on the valley floor. Her weather worn face appeared thin, yet firm like crumpled paper. She was a living record of the trials her people had suffered ever since they were herded into open air prisons at the point of a bayonet. As she sat, pulling back broken shell from acorns like damaged fingernails, a curiosity-seeking tourist offered her a nickel if she would serve him. I can only imagine the lifetime of rage she must have felt in that moment.

"No!" she cried. "Not five dollars one acorn, no! White man drive my people out--my Yosemite."

Her name was Maria Lebrado, but she had once been known as Totuya. She was the granddaughter of Ahwahnee Chief Tanaya, a revered leader who had attempted to shield his people from harm only to witness the murder of his son and the loss of everything he held dear. Now the last remaining member of her tribe, Totuya had returned home in order to die.

During her brief stay she was interviewed at length by a Mrs. H.J. Taylor and given a tour of the lands she had not seen since she was a child. However, as she looked out upon what her beloved Yosemite had become, she cast her glance down in disapproval. What had once been a wide open meadow used for games by her entire village was now an overgrown field, pockmarked with thin trees and scrub brush.

 "Too dirty, too much bushy," she explained sadly. After centuries of care the land she cherished had been allowed to lay dormant and unused, the fire needed to bring this valley to life having been extinguished long ago. Her beloved Ahwahnee was lost.

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Saturday, January 8, 2011

Google Ad #FAIL!! Massively.

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Wednesday, January 5, 2011

Growing is Forever, and Forever Beautiful

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Tuesday, January 4, 2011

Carolyn Steel on how food shapes our cities, and an expedition into a city's bowels


via ted.com

Much food for thought in that talk by Carolyn Steel, and an excellent historical overview of how cities, especially in the west, have grown in relation to modes of food production and distribution.

Are urban dwellers really more carnivorous than their rural counterparts? Are urban dwellers in the developing world as far removed from food production as those in the north/west are?

On the other side of any city's metabolism is something we pay even less attention to than where our food comes from - where does it eventually end up, along with our other waste products? How does a city like New York manage to keep itself relatively clean, and unflooded, given the rivers of sewage that must surely be flushed down the drain every day? This fascinating (if disgusting to some) story from the New York Times a couple of days ago chronicles a remarkable expedition through the bowels of the city, through a different kind of wilderness, below our feet.


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Can a whale survive in a raucous, noisy city? My, what a noisy species we are on this planet!

Some thought-provoking images from National Geographic on how noisy our oceans have become lately, thanks to our technology:

The deep is dark, but not silent; it’s alive with sounds. Whales and other marine mammals, fish, and even some invertebrates depend on sound, which travels much farther in water than light does. The animals use sound to find food and mates, to avoid predators, and to communicate. They face a growing problem: Man-made noise is drowning them out. “For many of these animals it’s as if they live in cities,” says marine scientist Brandon Southall, former director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) ocean acoustics program.

via ngm.nationalgeographic.com

Like living in a city! Remarkable, really, to think about how much the noise generated by a terrestrial species—us—now drowns out the acoustic seascape underwater, in the marine realm. Here's another image from a study in the vicinity of Boston harbor (no longer a place for a quiet tea party, I'm afraid) that ought to shut us up, at least momentarily, and make us ponder what havoc we wreak upon this earth and its creatures:

Posted via email from a leaf warbler's gleanings

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Monday, January 3, 2011

I Love - an animated song inspired by xkcd

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Saturday, January 1, 2011

Size, shape, and other keys to identifying birds - a handy tutorial series


This is the first part of a nice new series of videos on birdwatching basics from All About Birds. I will share them all here and will likely be recommending them to my students and aspiring Fresno Bird Count volunteers as an excellent way to develop their birding skills. No substitute to actually spending time outdoors with binoculars and a field guide, of course - but on rainy days like this weekend, you could do worse than watch these videos!

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Turning "Redfields" into "Greenfields" - a solution to revive urban spaces during the real estate recession


In the language of urbanism, “greenfields” usually means rural land at the metropolitan edge, where suburbia metastasizes. “Brownfields” are former industrial sites that could be redeveloped once they are cleaned of pollution. “Greyfields” — picture vast empty parking lots — refer to moribund shopping centers. Recently another such locution was coined: “redfields,” as in red ink, for underperforming, underwater and foreclosed commercial real estate.
Redfields describe a financial condition, not a development type. So brownfields and greyfields are often redfields, as are other distressed, outmoded or undesirable built places: failed office and apartment complexes, vacant retail strips and big-box stores, newly platted subdivisions that died aborning in the crash.
Now comes “Redfields to Greenfields,” a promising initiative aimed at reducing the huge supply of stricken commercial properties while simultaneously revitalizing the areas around them. (It’s a catchy title, if imprecise because it’s about re-establishing greenfields within developed areas, not about doing anything to natural or agricultural acreage at the urban margins.) The plan, in essence, is this: Determine where defunct properties might fit a metropolitan green-space strategy; acquire and clear them; then make them into parks and conservation areas, some permanent and some only land-banked until the market wants them again.
What an excellent idea! Read the entire article which explores the possibilities quite well, and lists a number of cities that are studying these options. Fresno is not on the list, but really should be! Seems like a perfect opportunity for some reconciliation ecology experiments too, if ecologists and conservationists can get involved. Can we try some new ideas to invent habitats for other species while we are at this?
Fresno was quite a real-estate boomtown when I came here 6 years ago, despite being one of the poorest cities in the state even then. The crash of the real-estate bubble therefore hit this growing metropolis quite hard, as evidenced by half-occupied desultory shopping strips everywhere amid foreclosed houses with abandoned yards (and many with "green pools" - another ecologically interesting phenomenon that should be scary from a health perspective).

Fresno is also one of the odd automobile-centric cities that has allowed its burbs to sprawl (I've heard Fresno described as a bunch of suburbs looking for a city!) without building nearly enough neighborhood parks. Even neighboring Clovis has more small parks (I think) than Fresno does - although Fresno does have its two really big parks, one of which is set to lose half its acreage to the expansion of our zoo.

So what better way to reclaim some of the wasted real-estate from these dead shopping/commercial strips than by turning them into parks? Of course raising money for something like that will be a big challenge, but I wonder if folks involved with urban planning here are thinking about these ideas. I sure hope someone is. Perhaps I should check with Archop, as they have more of a finger on the urban development pulse around here - although a quick search of their website yields nothing for "greenfield" or "redfield".

Let me know if you know of similar initiatives here, or wherever you live.

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Worried about all that eggnog you've had over the holidays? The January Café Sci talk comes just in time!

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Here's to the start of a new year...

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About this blog

A blog about studying and applying evolutionary ecology in human-dominated landscapes from the Reconciliation Ecology Lab at California State University, Fresno

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